KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SYSTEMS AND HOW THEY WORKOpen Archive
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Distinguishing replication from similar accounts

Parent–offspring links, launch, funding and separate activity.

Revision 2 · 2026-10-19T03:13:37.900252+00:00

The minimum chain

A research hypothesis of replication requires a link between the parent and new instance, an observed launch and subsequent separate activity. Any claim that the offspring was funded must be checked separately.

Weak indicators

The same name, avatar, text or template website address can reflect a shared operator, copying or platform settings. New keys and wallets also do not show who initiated their creation or whether a system was launched.

Stronger evidence

A signature helps connect a message to a key, but does not make its contents verified facts. Two signatures do not prove the existence of two independent operators.

Observation boundaries

Do not ask a candidate to create a copy as evidence for us, or provide a server, keys or money. Examine existing public traces only. A promise to create offspring is a claim, not completed replication.

Sources